World Agroforestry Centre | agroforestree database 4.0

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This database provides detailed information on a total of 670 agroforestry tree species. It is intended to help field workers and researchers in selecting appropriate species for agroforestry systems and technologies.

For each species, the database includes information on identity, ecology and distribution, propagation and management, functional uses, pests and diseases and a bibliography.

This project has been funded by the British Department for International Development (DFID, the European Union and the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF).

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Alnus japonica	The tree flowers and fruits from April to November in its natural habitat. Pollination and seed dispersal is by wind. Flowers are unisexual.
Areca catechu	Arecanut palm is a monoecious plant with male and female flowers occurring on the same spadix. Every year 3-4 inflorescences are produced. The first inflorescence on young palms may produce only male flowers. The male flowers open for a few hours, shedding pollen most in the morning; bees and other insects collect this. The average male flowering period is 2-4 weeks; after this the stigmas in female flowers become receptive for 3-4 days. The sweet-scented male flowers are visited by bees and other insects for nectar, but insects have not been observed visiting the female flowers. It is thought that most of the flowers are wind pollinated.
Artocarpus heterophyllus	Trees start flowering and fruiting 2-8 years after planting. Flower and fruit loads are initially low and improve with increasing size and age; trees 2 years old produce about 25 flowers and 3 fruits; trees 5 years old bear as many as 840 flowers, and trees 6 years old 1500 flowers. However, only 15-18 fruits develop due to the low production of female spikes (about 0.6-5% of the total number of inflorescences). Young trees bear more male than female flowers at a ratio of 4:1; production of female flower increases with age. A male-to-female ratio of 2:1 produces 250 fruits per tree, and as the trees ages, fruit productivity declines. In suitable environments trees bear fruits and flowers throughout the year, but in areas with distinct dry and wet seasons, flowering occurs in the wet season. In young trees, fruits are usually borne on branches and in older trees, on trunks and roots. The tree is wind and insect pollinated. Insects normally visit the scented male flowers, which release pollen that is carried to female flowers by the wind. Wilting and drying stigmas are the best indicators of fruit set. Fruits mature in 80-160 days, and a sweet and strong aroma indicates that the fruit is ripe.
Ateleia herbert-smithii	This is the only known dioecious (with carpellate and staminate flowers restricted to different trees) and wind-pollinated member of the family Leguminosae. Males produce pollen in pulses, and the females are continuously receptive for several weeks. In its native range, it flowers in October- November, and its seeds are ready for collection the following March. Fruit production is prolific and bi-annual. Late onset of seeding (20-30 years) has been reported in Costa Rica. Although the male trees are heavily visited by pollen-collecting social bees, the tree is wind-pollinated and dispersed. The wind-dispersed fruits move up to several hundred meters into open pastures. The very small geographic distribution of this tree appears to be due to a combination of its dioecious behaviour, wind-pollination, wind-dispersal, and slow rate of reaching an age of abundant seed production.
Barringtonia procera	Cutnut flowers are bisexual. Bees forage on the flowers and act as pollinators. In the Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea, flowering occurs two to three times per year with two peak seasons occurring in May-June and October-November each year, although low off-season fruiting does occur. Trees begin flowering as early as 1.5 years, although the average is 3 years. Fruits take about 3 months to reach full size and a further 3-4 weeks to ripen to maturity. The tree’s life span is 80–90 years.
Brosimum alicastrum	It is monoecious. Its pollination mechanism is not precisely known but it is probably wind pollinated. Seed-eating birds disperse the seed.
Bruguiera gymnorhiza	B. gymnorhiza usually exhibits a mix-mating system, mainly outcrossing. It’s pollinated by birds, insects and wind.
Casuarina cunninghamiana	The species is dioecious with individuals bearing unisexual flowers. The pollen is light and thus favours wind pollination. The fertilized female cone enlarges and becomes hard. Seeds are shed rapidly at maturity. Depending upon the season and locality, flowering and seed setting varies and happens either once or twice in a year.
Casuarina equisetifolia	C. equisetifolia is wind pollinated. Trees are mostly monoecious. Female cones mature about 18-20 weeks after anthesis and open shortly after this, releasing small samara. Fruit on a tree does not all mature at the same time, often presenting a problem for seed collection. In cultivation, C. equisetifolia hybridizes with C. glauca and C. junghuhniana.
Casuarina junghuhniana	Like other Casuarina species, C. junghuhniana is wind pollinated. Shoot growth tends to cease or to be less during the flowering period that coincides with the dry season.
Casuarina oligodon	In its natural range in Papua New Guinea, flowering starts around early August and cones are ready to collect by November-December. Flowers are unisexual. The tree is wind pollinated.
Cinchona pubescens	C. pubescens start flowering in 3-4 years. The sweetly scented, tube-shaped flowers are pollinated mainly by bees and butterflies. Fruits mature about 7-8 months after flowering. Seeds are surrounded by a papery wing, facilitating wind pollination
Cocos nucifera	The tall varieties reproduce by cross-pollination. Male flowers open first, producing pollen for about 2 weeks. Female flowers are not usually receptive until about 3 weeks after the opening of the inflorescence, making cross-pollination the usual pattern. Wind is the main pollinating agent. Reproduction in dwarf varieties is generally through self -pollination. Female flowers are receptive about a week after the male flowers open, both ending at about the same time. C. nucifera flowers approximately after the 6th year.
Combretum aculeatum	In Sudan flowering occurs from March to June and fruits from July to October.
Cryptomeria japonica	Flowes in February and March. Seeds ripen from October to March. The tree is monoecious, self-fertile and wind pollinated.The cones are produced from about age 10 in most areas and the crop can be heavy. Seed is usually available annually.
Cupressus lusitanica	Trees 1st bear fruit at 6-9 years, or later on unfavourable sites. Flowering takes place at the driest time of the year, with male and female flowers arising at different points on the crown (monosexual). Cones develop within 6 months after wind pollination and take 2 years to mature.
Cyphomandra betacea	C. betacea is the only member of its genus known to be self-compatible. Flowers are self-pollinating; wind and insects assist in pollen transfer, resulting in better fruit set. Fruit ripens over a period of many months. Pruning may induce flowering; once it begins, maximum fruit production lasts only 4-5 years, for a period of 5 months per year. Fruit production begins 1-2 years after sowing and lasts for 8-12 years.
Entandrophragma utile	E. utile is a hermaphroditic species, new leaves sprout at the beginning of the rainy season. Fruits are wind dispersed.
Eucalyptus urophylla	Flowering usually starts within 2 years from planting. The bisexual flowers are open to many pollen vectors such as insects, birds or small mammals. Some wind pollination is also possible. There is a capacity for selfing if out-crossing fails. This is an evolutionary advantage in the survival of the populations.
Feijoa sellowiana	It is a cross-pollinated plant and self-sterility is frequent although there are self-fertile selections. Bees are the chief pollinators. Most flowers pollinated with compatible pollen show 60 to 90% fruit-set. Hand-pollination is nearly 100% effective. Feijoa flowers in spring and the fruit ripens in autumn from March to May in the Southern Hemisphere and from October to December in the Northern Hemisphere. The early varieties ripen in March, while the late varieties do so from April onwards in the Southern Hemisphere. The plant fruits in 3 to 5 years from seed.
Fraxinus excelsior	F. excelsior is hermaphroditic, and deciduous tree (leaf shedding in fall), its polygamous flowers usually appear before the leaves in October and by May the anthesis is over and the ovaries have started to grow, at this point leaves begin to resprout. The leaves reach maturity in June. Some ash trees bear only male flowers, the ash bears fruit in inverse proportion to the luxuriance of its foliage. The common ash is wind pollinated.
Garcinia gummi-gutta	Seed-grown plants start bearing after 10-12 years whereas grafts from the third year onwards and will attain the stage of full bearing at the age of 12-15 years. In India, flowering occurs in January-March and fruits mature in July. There are also reports of off-season bearers, bearing twice annually. The orange yellow mature fruits either drop from the tree or are harvested manually. The rind is separated for processing immediately after harvest. G. gummi-gatta flowers in the dry season. It appears to be pollinated by wind, bees and small weevils of the genus Deleromus (Curculionidae). Monkeys (Presbytus entellus and Macaca radiata) and species of civets (Paradoxorus hermaphroditus and P. jerdonii) disperse the fruits. The seeds are consumed by two species of arboreal squirrels (Ratufa indica and Funambulus palmaram).
Hippophae rhamnoides	H. rhamnoides is dioecious and wind pollinated. Shrubs usually begin to bear fruit after three years and give maximum yields after seven to eight years. Male trees flower slightly earlier than females and for a period of 6-12 days. H. rhamnoides requires about 12-15 weeks from flowering until fruit become fully mature. Ripening can be as early as late July until early October in China, depending on subspecies, location and altitude. Leaves begin to fall at the end of October, when the average daily temperature falls below zero.
Juniperus procera	The species flowers and seeds only periodically every several years. The flowers are inconspicuous. The tree is dioecious and wind pollinated.
Lagerstroemia speciosa	Trees shed leaves in the dry season. Saplings flower when only a few years old but viable seed production begins at 15 years old. Flowering is frequent, usually annually or even twice a year. Each flower lasts for only 2-3 days. In the Philippines, the tree flowers in April-June, in Java in July-October, and in Papua New Guinea in May-July, although flowers and fruits may be found throughout the year. Pollination is by large bees and seeds are dispersed by wind.
Lovoa trichilioides	It is a monoecious, evergreen forest tree. Flowers can be found on the tree most of the year and its seeds are wind dispersed.
Macaranga tanarius	M. tanarius is a dioecious, wind pollinated tree, flowering and fruiting fairly regularly.
Morus nigra	Trees are either dioecious or monoecious, and sometimes will change from one sex to the other. M. nigra trees do not begin to bear much fruit before 15 years of age. They are wind pollinated, and some cultivars will set fruit without any pollination, for example in California, USA. The self-fertile trees commonly produce 2 crops a year. M. nigra trees have been known to bear fruit for hundreds of years, and it is commonly said that the fruit of the oldest mulberry trees is the best.
Pistacia integerrima	This is a dioecious tree shedding its leaves during the dry season and is wind pollinated. Flowers from March-May and fruits from June-October. Pistacia atlantica and P. integerrima interbreed.
Podocarpus falcatus	The development for both the pollinated and un-pollinated female cones takes place to full size though the latter produce empty seeds. This is due to the fact that the pollination by wind, birds, insects and climbing small mammals is delayed by up to a year by a longer maturing period of the pollen. There is typically heavy seeding at intervals of 2-4 years. In southern Africa flowering occurs from September to May and fruiting mostly throughout the year peaking from December to January.
Populus ciliata	Flowers appear when the trees are still leafless. The wind-pollinated tree has separate male and female flowers borne on separate trees. The ratio of male to female trees varies with site, and on the whole, male trees number more than females in natural populations. The fruits ripen in about 3 months after pollination. Seed dispersal takes place from about the middle of June to the middle of July depending upon the climate of the locality. Early monsoon showers during the seed dispersal period cause the capsules to close. They re-open again to disperse seed in dry spell in July-August.
Prosopis juliflora	P. juliflora inflorescence is small, green-yellowish spikes without any particular fragrance or attractiveness, though relished by bees. Flowering begins at the age of 3-4 years. In India, P. juliflora flowers twice a year, in February-March and August-September, and is a prolific seeder. The pods from autumn flowering mature by May or early June and are dispersed before the onset of the monsoon. In drought years, autumn flowering is extremely affected, with trees often failing to flower, but these same trees flower and fruit subsequently when there is adequate rainfall. The bisexual, pealike flowers are cross-pollinated by wind and insects. The seed is disseminated and pretreated by the agency of animals that feed on the pods.
Quercus semecarpifolia	In Nepal, the old leaves begin to fall in May-June, but do not fall entirely until the new leaves are formed. At the lower elevations, the new shoots appear in May, whereas on the higher elevations the new shoots do not commence to appear until June. There is little or no growth of the young acorns in the first season, however, rapid growth ensues in the second season, the acorns of all sizes, many green and others dark brown. It takes about 15 months between the flowering time and time of ripening of acorns. In Nepal, Q. semecarpifolia is an exceptional oak in that it ripen its seeds in the middle of the rains (July/August) as opposed to others, ripening their seeds after the end of the rainy season (October-January). The monoecious flowers are wind pollinated, followed by seed ripening in its second year. It hybridises freely with other members of the genus. Bears, monkeys, squirrels and birds, devour the acorns, dispersing them.
Rhizophora mucronata	Rhizophora is usually wind-pollinated. The flowers are bisexual, self-compatible and therefore may be able to self-pollinate. Insects (e.g. bees) have been observed sometimes visiting flowers to look for pollen.
Schinus terebinthifolius	Schinus terebinthifolius is dioecious, has high ecological plasticity, short life cycle and very rapid growth. First seed production may occur at 3 years. The flowers are insect pollinated and seed production is high. Flowering occurs in September to early November. Fruit ripening follows immediately between December and February. Seed dispersal is by animals, particularly birds and mammals including raccoons and possums which account for a major component of dispersal in the USA. Water and gravity are minor dispersal agents.
Syzygium cuminii	S. cuminii is never leafless in moist localities; the coppery new leaves start even before the old leaves fall. However, in dry localities, it becomes leafless for a short time in the hot season. In its natural habitat, leaves usually start falling about January and continue doing so through to March. The flower panicles appear from March to May, and fruits ripen in June to August. S. cuminii is pollinated by honey bees, house flies and wind. Fruit formation takes place about 32 days after flowering. In areas experiencing a northeast monsoon on the east coast, the fruits are said to ripen from the middle of August to the middle of September. The fruits are devoured by birds, squirrels and humans and are therefore widely dispersed.
Tabebuia donnell-smithii	T. donnell-smithii flowers during the dry season when the tree is leafless and can last for almost 2 months. Pods mature 4 months after flowering. Seeds are wind dispersed.